copyright

U.S. Court of Appeals Rules on AI-Generated Copyright Eligibility

On March 18, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued a decision for Thaler v. Perlmutter, which addressed whether a work created autonomously by artificial intelligence (AI) is eligible for copyright protection.

Background

Dr. Stephen Thaler developed an AI system known as the “Creativity Machine,” which produced an artwork titled “A Recent Entrance to Paradise.” He applied for copyright registration in 2018 identifying the author of the images as the “Creativity Machine,” with Thaler listed as the claimant with a transfer statement: “ownership of the machine.” In his application, Thaler stated that the work “was autonomously created by a computer algorithm running on a machine” and he was “seeking to register this computer-generated work as a work-for-hire to the owner of the Creativity Machine.” The U.S. Copyright Office denied the application, citing the necessity of human authorship for copyright eligibility.

Dr. Thaler challenged this decision, arguing that the human authorship requirement was unconstitutional and unsupported by statute or case law. The district court upheld the Copyright Office’s denial, emphasizing that human authorship is a fundamental requirement under the Copyright Act. The court referenced the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1884 decision in Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, which upheld the copyrightability of a photograph due to the human creator’s conception and design of the image.

On appeal, the D.C. Circuit affirmed the lower court’s ruling, reiterating that the Copyright Act necessitates human authorship for a work to be eligible for copyright protection. The court noted that while AI-assisted works may be considered for copyright if a human provides creative input or intervention, works generated entirely by non-human entities without human involvement do not qualify. The court did not address the constitutionality of the human authorship requirement, as it was unnecessary for the decision.

What This Means

The outcome of this case is not surprising. It is well settled law that non-human authorship is not recognized by the US Copyright Act. see Naruto v Slater, 888 F3d 418 (CA 9, 2018) (9th Circuit Court of Appeals holding that a monkey cannot be an “author”). However, it should be noted that this opinion only addressed whether a machine with no human intervention could be considered an author of a work. The Court clarified that amount of human intervention for AI created works was not at issue in this case stating, “[t]hose line-drawing disagreements over how much artificial intelligence contributed to a particular human author’s work are neither here nor there in this case. That is because Dr. Thaler listed the Creativity Machine as the sole author of the work before us, and it is undeniably a machine, not a human being.”

This case reaffirms the prevailing legal principle that copyright protection is reserved for works created by humans. As AI continues to evolve, questions about the extent of human involvement necessary for copyright eligibility remain open for future consideration. Indeed, the question will be directly addressed in the upcoming case in Allen v. Perlmutter in the District Court of Colorado. Fraser attorneys will continue to monitor any developments and update our clients.

This alert serves as a general summary and does not constitute legal guidance. Please contact us with any specific questions. When it matters in Michigan, we are the trusted legal advisors for businesses and individuals.

Andrew G. Martin is an experienced registered patent attorney with history working in the automotive, electrical, and agricultural industries. He regularly advises startups and small businesses on the patent and trademark prosecution process, assisting clients from start to finish. You can reach him at 517.377.0834 or at amartin@fraserlawfirm.com.

Five Stories That Matter in Michigan This Week – September 13, 2024

AG Nessel Asks Michigan Supreme Court to Clarify Minimum Wage Ruling

Attorney General Dana Nessel recently sought clarification from the Michigan Supreme Court as to certain issues, including a precise start date for calculating inflations, related to the Court’s recent “adopt and amend” minimum wage and sick leave ruling in the case of Mothering Justice v Attorney General.

Why it Matters: Per the Court’s ruling, increases to the state’s minimum wage and tipped wage laws, and the expansion of the state’s earned sick time laws, will go into effect February 21, 2025. With many businesses scrambling to prepare for the impact, the Court may provide some helpful clarity to those businesses as well as the state in administering and enforcing the law.

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Attorney Douglas J. Austin Honored as “Lawyer of the Year” in Real Estate Law in Lansing

Fraser Trebilcock attorney Douglas J. Austin has been named the Best Lawyers in America^® 2025 Real Estate Law “Lawyer of the Year” in Lansing. “I am honored to be recognized by Best Lawyers^®as a 2025 ‘Lawyer of the Year’ for Real Estate Law in Lansing,” said Mr. Austin.

Why it Matters: This is a high distinction, as only one attorney in each practice area in each community is identified as “Lawyer of the Year.” Mr. Austin has been at the center of real estate law for over 45 years. In addition to being a shareholder at Fraser Trebilcock, he is also the past chair of the firm’s Real Estate Law department.

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Michigan CRA Publishes August ’24 Data: Average Price Increases

Per data released by the Cannabis Regulatory Agency (CRA), the average retail price for adult-use sale of an ounce of cannabis in August was $80.14, a minor increase from $79.70 in July. This is a decrease from August 2023, where the average price was $94.16.

Why it Matters: While the prices of cannabis and cannabis-related products continue to decrease and make consumers happy, growers on the other hand are seeing profits decrease resulting in them seeking ways to halt new licenses to be granted in an effort to steady prices.

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Intellectual Property and Rebranding: What Business Leaders Need to Know

Rebranding a business is exciting. It’s often done at a time of growth and transformation, such as a merger or acquisition, when a business is launching an important new product, entering a new geographic market, or trying to appeal to a new customer demographic. Whether you’re updating your logo, changing your company name, or overhauling your entire brand identity, it’s a big step that can lead to great opportunities.

Why it Matters: But before you dive into the creative process, it is crucial to consider the intellectual property (IP) law implications of a rebrand. Your brand is one of your most valuable assets, and rebranding involves important legal considerations that can impact your business’s future. In this article, we’ll walk you through some key IP issues you need to consider when rebranding. These considerations will help you protect your new identity and avoid costly legal pitfalls along the way. Read more.

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Fraser Trebilcock Lawyers Selected Among “The Best Lawyers in America©” 2025 Edition in Lansing

Fraser Trebilcock is proud to announce that 12 attorneys from the firm have been selected for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America© 2025 edition in Lansing. Those selected include: Michael S. Ashton, Administrative / Regulatory Law; Litigation – Regulatory Enforcement (SEC, Telecom, Energy); Utilities Law; Douglas J. Austin, Real Estate Law; Michael E. Cavanaugh, Administrative / Regulatory Law; Bet-the-Company Litigation; Commercial Litigation; Litigation – Labor and Employment; Michael P. Donnelly, Commercial Litigation; Sean P. Gallagher, Environmental Law; Litigation – Environmental; Jennifer Utter Heston, Administrative / Regulatory Law; Mark E. Kellogg, Closely Held Companies and Family Business Law; Corporate Law; Hon. Paula J. Manderfield (Ret.), Mediation; Thaddeus E. Morgan, Commercial Litigation; Litigation – Construction; Michael H. Perry, Environmental Law; Gary C. Rogers, Bankruptcy and Creditor Debtor Rights / Insolvency and Reorganization Law; Litigation – Insurance; and Marlaine C. Teahan, Trusts and Estates.

Why it Matters: “These twelve attorneys are proven leaders in their field, and practice at a very high level. We congratulate them on this recognition by Best Lawyers®,” said Thaddeus E. Morgan, President of Fraser Trebilcock. Read more.

Related Practice Groups and Professionals

Labor, Employment & Civil Rights | David Houston
Real Estate Law | Doug Austin
Cannabis Law | Sean Gallagher
Intellectual Property | Andrew Martin

Intellectual Property and Rebranding: What Business Leaders Need to Know

But before you dive into the creative process, it is crucial to consider the intellectual property (IP) law implications of a rebrand. Your brand is one of your most valuable assets, and rebranding involves important legal considerations that can impact your business’s future. In this article, we’ll walk you through some key IP issues you need to consider when rebranding. These considerations will help you protect your new identity and avoid costly legal pitfalls along the way.

Protecting Your Brand During Rebranding

Intellectual property laws give you the legal right to protect unique aspects of your brand, like your company name, logo, as well as your product designs. When you rebrand, you need to make sure your new brand elements are protected just like your old ones were. This means registering new trademarks, updating copyright protections, and making sure you’re not accidentally stepping on someone else’s IP toes.

Why is this so important? Well, imagine spending tens of thousands—or even millions in the case of a large company—on a rebrand, only to find out another company is already using a similar name or logo. You may have to modify your new brand to avoid confusion in the marketplace; or worse you could be sued for trademark infringement if your new brand is too similar to an existing one. These scenarios aren’t just headaches—they can be expensive setbacks that undo all your rebranding efforts. Even large, sophisticated companies make rebranding mistakes because they don’t invest enough time and resources into IP issues.

Accordingly, by paying attention to IP during your rebrand, you’re not just following the law—you’re protecting your investment and ensuring your new brand can grow and thrive without legal obstacles. Now let’s address some of the specific steps you can take to safeguard your new brand identity.

Preparing for Your Rebrand

Before you call in the creative team to start dreaming up new logos or catchy slogans, it’s crucial to lay some groundwork. This preparation phase can save you time, money, and potential legal trouble down the road.

First, conduct a brand audit. Take a close look at your current brand. What elements are working well? Which ones need a refresh? This isn’t just about aesthetics—it’s about understanding the legal protections you already have in place. Make a list of all your registered trademarks, copyrights, and other IP assets. This might include your company name, logo, product names, slogans, and even distinctive packaging designs.

Next, review your current IP assets. Are all your registrations up to date? Have you been using all the trademarks you’ve registered? If not, you might risk losing those protections. This is also a good time to think about any unregistered trademarks you might be using—elements of your brand that you’ve been using but haven’t officially registered.

While you’re at it, consider your market position and your competitors. Are there any areas where your brand might be conflicting with others in your industry? Understanding this landscape can help guide your rebranding decisions and highlight potential legal issues before they become problems.

This preparatory phase helps set the stage for a successful rebrand. By understanding what you have and what you need, you’ll be in a much better position to create a new brand identity that’s both compelling and legally sound.

Trademark Considerations

Trademarks are what legally protect your brand name, logo, and other distinctive elements of your business identity. So, as you’re developing your new brand, you need to think carefully about how you protect and enforce them.

Before you fall in love with a new name or logo, do your homework. Conduct a thorough trademark search. This isn’t just a quick Google search or a scan of your competitors’ websites. You need to check trademark databases, including the USPTO’s database for federal trademarks. Don’t forget to look for similar names or logos, not just exact matches. A name doesn’t have to be identical to cause legal problems—if it’s similar enough to confuse consumers, it could be an issue and lead to a trademark infringement lawsuit. That’s a headache you definitely want to avoid. It could force you to abandon your new brand and start over, wasting all the time and money you’ve invested.

When choosing your new brand elements, aim for something distinctive. The more unique your name, logo, or slogan is, the easier it will be to protect legally. Generic or descriptive terms are harder to trademark, while arbitrary or original words offer stronger protection.

Once you’ve settled on your new brand elements, file for trademark registration. In the U.S., trademark rights are generally based on use, but registering gives you important additional protections. It puts others on notice that you’re claiming rights to that mark, and it can be crucial if you ever need to enforce your rights. Working with experienced IP counsel and taking the time to get this right is an investment in your business’s future.

Copyright Issues in Rebranding

Copyright protects original creative works, including things like logos, promotional materials, and even the text on your website. Unlike trademarks, copyright protection is automatic as soon as you create something original. But here’s the catch: you need to make sure what you’re creating is truly original.

Many businesses look at other successful brands for inspiration, but be careful. Copying or closely mimicking someone else’s work can lead to problems. Even if it’s unintentional, copyright infringement can result in costly lawsuits. So when you’re designing new brand elements, make sure your team is creating from scratch, not just tweaking existing designs or messaging.

What if you want to use something that someone else created? Maybe you’ve found the perfect stock photo for your website homepage, or you want to use a particular font for your logo. In these cases, you need to secure the right licenses. Don’t assume that because something is available online, it’s free to use. Always check the licensing terms and, when in doubt, reach out to the copyright owner for permission (and be prepared to pay for the privilege to use someone else’s creation).

For your own new creations, consider registering the copyright. While not required, registration with the U.S. Copyright Office can provide additional benefits if you ever need to enforce your rights. It’s especially worth considering for key elements of your new brand identity.

Securing Your Online Presence

When you rebrand, you need to think beyond business cards and signage—you need to consider your digital footprint too.

Your website is often the first point of contact for potential customers, so you want to make sure your new brand name is reflected in your web domain name. As soon as you’ve settled on a new name, check if the corresponding domain name is available. And don’t just look at .com. Consider other extensions like .net, .org, or country-specific domains if they’re relevant to your business.

Next, think about social media. Your handles on platforms like X, Instagram, and Facebook are an important part of your brand identity. Ideally, you want consistent handles across all platforms. Check the availability of your new brand name on all the social media channels you plan to use. If the exact name isn’t available everywhere, try to choose variations that are as close and consistent as possible.

By registering relevant domain names and social media handles, you’re preventing others from using names that could be confused with your brand. This helps avoid customer confusion and potential trademark issues down the line.

Working with Legal Experts

While you might be tempted to handle all aspects of your rebrand in-house, when it comes to the legal side of things, it’s wise to bring in a professional early in the process. An IP lawyer can guide you through trademark searches, helping you interpret the results and assess the level of risk associated with your new brand elements. They can also assist with the trademark registration process, ensuring all paperwork is filed correctly and on time.

If your rebrand involves complex issues – like transferring existing IP rights or navigating international markets – expert legal advice becomes even more crucial. An experienced IP attorney can help you navigate these complexities and develop a strategy that protects your brand across all your target markets.

Protecting Your New Brand

After you’ve launched your brand, your work isn’t over yet. Now comes the ongoing task of protecting your new brand.

First and foremost, you need to monitor the marketplace. Keep an eye out for any businesses using names, logos, or other branding elements that are similar to yours. The earlier you catch potential infringement, the easier it is to address.

If you do spot a potential infringement, don’t rush to sue. Often, a carefully worded cease and desist letter can resolve the issue. This is where having a relationship with an IP attorney can be valuable—they can help you determine if there’s really an infringement and guide you on the appropriate action to take.

But protection isn’t just about policing others—it’s also about maintaining your own rights. For example, use your trademarks consistently and properly. If you’ve registered a logo, make sure you’re using it in the form in which it was registered. Keep records of how and when you use your trademarks in commerce.

Be proactive and make IP an important strategic consideration for your business.

Conclusion

Rebranding your business is a big step, filled with both exciting opportunities and potential challenges. As we’ve discussed, protecting your intellectual property is a crucial part of this process that shouldn’t be overlooked. With careful planning, the right protections in place, and assistance from an experienced IP lawyer, your new brand can become a powerful tool for growing your business and standing out in the marketplace.

This alert serves as a general summary and does not constitute legal guidance. Please contact us with any specific questions.

Five Stories That Matter in Michigan This Week – February 9, 2024

Reinstatement of Michigan’s Prevailing Wage Act Takes Effect February 13

On March 24, 2023, Governor Whitmer signed into law a bill reinstituting Michigan’s Prevailing Wage Act (the “Act”). The new Act, which takes effect February 13, 2024, will require every contractor and subcontractor in Michigan to pay the prevailing wage and benefit rates to employees working on most state funded construction projects.

Why it Matters: Contractors that fail to pay prevailing wages may have their contract terminated, be required to pay any excess costs incurred by the state for contracting with a new employer, and be fined up to $5,000.

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A Health Professional’s Guide to Navigating the Disciplinary Process: What to Expect if You Are Facing a Professional Licensing Investigation or Administrative Complaint

Health professionals are committed to caring for patients with expertise, compassion, and integrity. However, in the heavily regulated healthcare field, those professionals can sometimes find themselves navigating not just the medical challenges of their patients but licensing issues of their own as well. Licensing issues can arise unexpectedly, and, when they do, they can cause tremendous stress and uncertainty.

Why it Matters: As an attorney with years of experience handling professional licensing matters for health professionals, Robert J. Andretz has witnessed firsthand how professional licensing investigations and Administrative Complaints can disrupt health professionals’ careers and their ability to provide patient care. He will explore how to navigate the disciplinary process in Michigan so that you can know what to expect if you are ever faced with a threat to your license. Learn more.

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Fraser Trebilcock Welcomes Robert J. Andretz to the Firm

We are pleased to announce the hiring of attorney Robert J. Andretz who will work primarily in the firm’s Lansing office.

Why it Matters: Helping clients for more than two decades, Rob is an experienced criminal defense and professional licensing attorney who has successfully represented clients in both state and federal courts in felony and misdemeanor cases in more than 50 counties across the state of Michigan. He is passionate about what he does, and, understanding the direct and collateral consequences that a criminal conviction or professional licensing sanction can bring, he compassionately works with his clients to focus on what matters most to them. Learn more.

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Understanding How Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents Protect Your Business

Copyright is the exclusive legal protection that covers an original work of authorship. Copyrights vest upon creation of the work, which means placing the work onto a tangible medium.

Why it Matters: Similar to trademark law, it can be difficult to enforce your copyright if the work is not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. Learn more on this series about trademarks, copyrights, and patents from Fraser Trebilcock attorney Andrew Martin.

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Client Alert/Reminder: Form W-2 Reporting Due for Employer-Provided Health Care / Disclosure Due to CMS for Medicare Part D

Unless subject to an exemption, employers must report the aggregate cost of employer-sponsored health coverage provided in 2023 on their employees’ Form W-2 (Code DD in Box 12) issued in January 2024. Please see IRS Notice 2012-09. Additionally, group health plans offering prescription drug coverage are required to disclose to all Part D-eligible individuals who are enrolled in or were seeking to enroll in the group health plan coverage whether such coverage was creditable.

Why it Matters: The filing deadline is 60 days following the first day of the plan year. If you operate a calendar year plan, the deadline is the end of February. If you operate a non-calendar year plan, please be sure to keep track of your deadline. Contact your Fraser Trebilcock attorney for any questions.

Related Practice Groups and Professionals

Labor, Employment & Civil Rights | David Houston
Professional Licensing | Robert Andretz
Intellectual Property | Andrew Martin
Employee Benefits | Bob Burgee
Employee Benefits

Five Stories That Matter in Michigan This Week – February 2, 2024

A Health Professional’s Guide to Navigating the Disciplinary Process: What to Expect if You Are Facing a Professional Licensing Investigation or Administrative Complaint

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Understanding How Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents Protect Your Business

Trademark registration separates your business from your competition and makes you unique. It is one method of protecting your intangibles while publicly providing notice to other businesses or individuals to avoid copying or infringing on your intellectual property rights.

Why it Matters: But when do you need this? When do you get them? And what are they for? Learn more on this series about trademarks, copyrights, and patents from Fraser Trebilcock attorney Andrew Martin.

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Ward Off 2024 Tax Season Flu – File Early and Electronically

Earlier this week, January 29, 2024, marked the start date for the 2024 filing season and the first date that the IRS will begin accepting and processing 2024 returns. The IRS will issue most electronically filed refunds within 21 days, however there are a variety of factors that can delay the issuance of any refund claim outside of the 21-day period, so one should not rely on receiving a refund within 21-days.

Why it Matters: It is important to file early and electronically to avoid any delays in receiving a refund, if applicable. If you have any questions, contact your Fraser Trebilcock attorney.

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The DOL Issues Final Rule Creating New Standard for Classifying Workers as Employees vs. Independent Contractors

On January 9, 2024, the United States Department of Labor released its final rule on worker classification under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).

Why it Matters: This new rule, effective as of March 11, 2024, signals a return to a standard more likely to classify workers as employees than contractors. Thus, it is more likely that employers will be determined to have misclassified workers as contractors, resulting in liability. Learn more from your Fraser Trebilcock attorney.

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Michigan Legal Cannabis Sales Hit New Record in 2023

Licensed cannabis dispensaries in Michigan registered a record $3.06 billion in sales in 2023. This represents a 25% increase over sales in 2022. Recreational cannabis accounted for $2.74 billion of total sales in 2023.

Why it Matters: According to an analysis by Metro Times, more than $274 million in tax revenue from cannabis sales will go to local governments, schools, and roads.

Related Practice Groups and Professionals

Five Stories That Matter in Michigan This Week – April 7, 2023

Michigan Legislature Passes Amendment to Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act to Protect LGBTQ Rights

The Michigan Legislature recently passed an amendment to the state’s Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act (ELCRA) that explicitly includes protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression.

Why it Matters: Michigan entities covered by the ELCRA should ensure that their policies and practices protect against discrimination based on these amended protected categories.

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2023 April Business Education Series

During the April Business Education Series, Emmie Musser, senior portfolio marketing manager, TechSmith, will share what we learned and best practices to positively impact employee satisfaction, job attitude, productivity, and innovation.

Why it Matters: Not all meetings can or should be replaced, but identifying which ones can and how to replace them will offer your organization greater flexibility and productivity and more dedicated “think” time. Hosted at the Lansing Regional Chamber on Tuesday, April 11. Full details and to register.

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Prominent Cannabis Brand Regains Control of Multiple Cannabis Stores Following Court Order

A recent court order has placed control of several cannabis stores back under Skymint’s leadership. In 2021, Skymint acquired competitor 3Fifteen Cannabis and its cannabis stores located across the state. Following reports of Skymint Brands being placed under receivership, 3Fifteen Cannabis challenged the company’s leadership and took back control of several of the stores that were acquired. However, a judge ruled that 3Fifteen Cannabis violated the receivership’s order and must relinquish control back to Skymint.

Why it Matters: The fact that Skymint’s assets were put into receivership is noteworthy, as state court receivership has become an alternative to bankruptcy for distressed cannabis companies. Because cannabis is still illegal at the federal level, companies can’t access federal bankruptcy to reorganize or liquidate.

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How Copyrights Protect Your Business

Why it Matters: As noted above, copyrights vest upon creation of the work, even if it isn’t published. Similar to trademark law, it can be difficult to enforce your copyright if the work is not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. Learn more.

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Name, Image, Likeness Law for Student-Athletes in Michigan

The new law, which took effect December 31, 2022, set standards for how student-athletes can earn compensation for the use of their name, image, and likeness (“NIL”) in Michigan. The NCAA also has its own NIL policy, which took effect on July 1, 2021.

Why it Matters: It’s important that Michigan student-athletes, covered higher education institutions, and businesses ensure that NIL deals comply not only with NCAA rules and regulations, but also with the new standards that will apply in the State of Michigan. Learn more on the subject from your Fraser Trebilcock attorney.

Related Practice Groups and Professionals

Business & Tax | Ed Castellani
Cannabis Law | Sean Gallagher
Intellectual Property | Jared Roberts
Higher Education | Ryan Kauffman

Five Stories that Matter in Michigan This Week – March 10, 2023

US Supreme Court Makes Clear that Highly Compensated Employees can be Eligible for Overtime Pay

In Helix Energy Solutions Group v. Helix, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that highly compensated employees—in this case the employee at issue earned more than $200,000 per year—can be eligible for overtime pay if they are paid on a daily basis as opposed to a salary basis.

Why it Matters: Many employers mistakenly assume that highly compensated employees are not eligible for overtime pay. However, under the Fair Labor Standards Act, employees are exempt from overtime if they earn at least $107,432 per year on a salary basis (and perform executive, administrative, professional or outside sales work. Because the penalties for noncompliance can be steep, employers should consult with legal counsel to help ensure that their workers are classified and paid in accordance with state and federal guidelines.

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How Copyrights Protect Your Business

Why it Matters: As noted above, copyrights vest upon creation of the work, even if it isn’t published. Similar to trademark law, it can be difficult to enforce your copyright if the work is not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. Learn more.

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Department of Labor Issues Guidance to Employers on Telework

On February 9, 2023, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) issued a Field Assistance Bulletin (Bulletin) addressing several questions related to compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) when a business employs teleworkers.

Why it Matters: The Bulletin provides that the protections under the FLSA apply equally to employees who telework as to employees working at an office, factory, construction site, retail outlet, or any other worksite location. Learn more.

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Business Education Series – Teaching Leadership

Hosted at the Lansing Regional Chamber, the March Business Education Series will have Brain Town, founder and CEO of Michigan Creative, who will discuss how to inspire your staff to be the leaders they all have inside of them.

Why it Matters: Brian will also show you how to write core values that can guide your business and help form an unstoppable team. Attendees will learn how to write and use core values, leadership tips, and ways to inspire greatness. Business owners and leaders are encouraged to attend! Learn more.

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The Ins and Outs of Cottage Succession Planning in Michigan (Part Two)

A cottage plan is an agreement that describes how a cottage will be shared, managed and passed on to future generations of family members. Cottage plans typically cover a range of issues that can impede the succession of a cottage if left unaddressed.

Why it Matters: There are significant advantages to having a cottage plan that utilizes an LLC or trust structure. There is no single option that is best for all families, so it’s important to consult with an experienced cottage law attorney to determine what option is right for you. Learn more from your Fraser Trebilcock attorney.

Related Practice Groups and Professionals

Labor, Employment & Civil Rights | Aaron Davis

Intellectual Property | Jared Roberts

Cottage Law | Mark Kellogg

How Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents Protect your Business

Your intellectual assets are some of the most powerful resources your business has. These assets separate your business from your competition and make you unique – as long as they are protected. Trademarks, copyrights, and patents are methods of protecting your intangibles while publicly providing notice to other businesses or individuals to avoid copying or infringing on your intellectual property rights. But when do you need these protections? How do you get them? And what are they for?

Trademarks

What is a trademark?

Trademarks are exclusive legal protections for names, logos, sounds, and even colors as applied to a category of goods or services. Federally registered trademarks may not be used by others without your permission. Trademark owners do have a legal obligation to police their marks and provide notice to anyone that may be inadvertently or willfully using the mark without permission. Trademarks can be renewed indefinitely as long as the owner can show proof that the mark has been continually used in commerce.

What is a trademark for?

Trademarks operate to distinguish your business, build consumer goodwill and solidify your reputation as a source for the goods or services. In most cases, a trademark is a distinctive word, phrase, logo or design that is associated with or applied to a category of goods or services. Trademarks should not be merely descriptive of the goods or services and generic terms are expressly banned from trademark protection (e.g., such as the term “Supermarket” as applied to a grocery store).

Trademarks must not be confusingly similar to another company’s mark otherwise the U.S. Trademark Office will reject the mark or the opposing owner may proactively move to cancel your mark. For example, the Nike name and Swoosh logo are federally registered trademarks. Trademarks may often be referred to as service marks when applied solely to services such as the NBC tri-tone sound or United Airline’s “Fly the Friendly Skies” slogan. If you are in the business of providing goods or services, then it is strongly recommended that you consult with an intellectual property lawyer to get the best protection in a timely manner.

How do I get a trademark?

For the most part, trademark rights vest upon usage of the mark in interstate commerce (e.g., across state lines). When you select a distinctive mark for your business, you are legally considered the owner of an unregistered trademark under common law trademark law (i.e., limited protections vis-à-vis a federally registered trademark). During this initial use and while your trademark application is being examined by the U.S. Trademark Office, you may use the ™ symbol to provide public notice that you are claiming ownership rights in the mark. The ™ symbol does not have any legal significance and is simply used as a public notification tool. Your ability to halt an infringing action, obtain an injunction or obtain money damages is limited when the mark is an unregistered trademark. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that you take the necessary steps to federally register your trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Once registered, you may use the ® symbol and be entitled to a full range of legal protections for your mark.

When should I get a trademark?

If you are consistently using a non-generic name, logo, or other symbol, you already have an unregistered trademark. This shows your customers that it is yours. To prevent another company from using the goodwill associated with your business – or, worse, tainting your business reputation with low-quality products – you should register your mark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as soon as you have finalized the word, phrase, logo and/or design.

What is copyright?

Copyright is the exclusive legal protection that covers an original work of authorship. Copyrights vest upon creation of the work, which means placing the work onto a tangible medium (e.g., applying paint to a canvas or words to a screenplay). Stated otherwise, a copyrighted work must be more than an idea – the idea of painting a scenic mountain is not protectable until one applies the paint to the canvas. A copyright owner holds to right to prevent others from copying, reproducing, displaying or making derivative works unless they expressly provide their permission for such use. A derivative work, for example, would be making a movie based on a book. Copyright protections are not indefinite; most protections last the length of the author’s life plus 70 years. For example, the author of the book Dracula died in 1912, so the copyright protection ended in 1982 and the work entered the public domain, which means it can be freely reproduced and distributed by anyone.

What is copyright for?

Original works are copyrightable materials. “Original” simply means that there must be some modicum of creativity that distinguishes the work from others. Books and e-books, magazine or newspaper articles, software, paintings, music, plays, some websites, and movies, among other things fall under purview of copyright protection. Historical and scientific facts, recipes, ideas, domain names, surnames, inventions, methods, and events are examples where copyright protection would not be appropriate; although some of these things may be protected under trademark or patent law.

How do I copyright my work?

As noted above, copyrights vest upon creation of the work, even if it isn’t published. Similar to trademark law, it can be difficult to enforce your copyright if the work is not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. In most cases, a copyright application entails a downloadable form, a fee, and a copy of the work submitted to the U.S. Copyright Office. The review process takes about four months to possibly one year. Registering your work with the U.S. Copyright Office is definitely a good idea and it is recommended that you have an intellectual property attorney at least do a cursory review of your copyright application prior to submission. If your work is plagiarized, improperly displayed or illicitly distributed then having a registered copyright will strengthen your position in the event you decide to take legal action and file an infringement lawsuit.

Patent

What is a patent?

A patent is a legal monopoly for protecting a utilitarian device, system, machine, composition or process. A patent owner has the right to prevent others from making, using, selling or importing a protected invention for a limited time. Utility patents have a term of 20 years and design patents have a term of 14 years from the date of filing.

What is a patent for?

Design patents protect the aesthetic or ornamental, non-functional aspects of a utilitarian object. Utility patents protect useful devices, systems, machines, processes, and compositions of matter that, upon examination by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, are verifiably shown to be new and non-obvious. Almost any product, from Tupperware to iPhones to Vicodin, can be (and often are) patented.

How do I get a patent?

The initial process for obtaining a patent is to prepare and file a patent application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. It is important to realize that a patent is powerful asset that must be written with a variety of audiences in mind (e.g., inventor, investor, licensor, patent examiner, judge, jury, etc.) while meeting a plethora of complex and sometimes arcane rules of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Once a patent application has been filed, a patent examiner will perform a patentability search and determine whether the patent application meets the various standards such as novelty and non-obviousness. The patent owner may publicly assert that the invention is “patent pending” as soon as the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office provides a filing receipt, which typically takes a few minutes if the patent application is filed electronically. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has a stated goal of examining a patent application and providing a final disposition within about 36 months, but it is not uncommon for the examination process to take longer. If the patent application successfully makes it through the examination process, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will grant an official patent number and the owner will then have a legally enforceable asset.

When should I file a patent?

The U.S. is a “first-to-file” system, so it is imperative that an inventor keep the details of their invention confidential until a patent application has been filed. Also, timing is of the essence to prevent a competitor from winning the race to the Patent Office. The basic requirement to prepare and file a patent application is that the inventor must be able to describe, in sufficient detail, how to make and use the invention to one of “ordinary skill in the art,” which typically means a person versed in the industry to which the invention pertains. For example, technical and industry terms may not need to be defined if such terms are commonly known among those skilled in the art. Further, a prototype of the invention is not necessary nor does the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office required an inventor to perform a patentability search before filing. As soon as you have the aforementioned information, you should contact a registered patent attorney or agent to begin the process. Remember, confidentiality and timely filing are two primary keys to obtaining patent protection for your invention. In view of the complexities of the patent process, retaining an intellectual property lawyer is a vital step to obtaining strong patent protection in an efficient and timely manner.

Whether you are seeking trademark, patent or copyright protection, make sure to document the process carefully, and seek legal advice. The wrong protection or a badly conducted filing can make you vulnerable to legal loopholes or unnecessary rejections from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. With the right intellectual property protections in place, your business will be able to thrive and grow while keeping your competition at arms length.

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